In 2001 the world total primary energy supply was 10,038 million ton oil equivalent ( toe ). Of which 13.5%, or 1352 million toe, was produced by renewable energy sources. This compares to 35% for oil, 23.4% for coal, 21.2% for natural gas, and 6.9% for nuclear energy. For renewable energy of 1352 million toe, 220 million toe shared by hydropower, 1080 million toe shared by biomass and combustible wastes and 52 million toe shared by the others ( such as wind, solar, tidal, geothermal energy ).
Since 1990, renewable energy sources have grown continuously wish the average annual rate of 1.7%, which is slightly higher than the growth rate of world total primary energy pupply ( TPES ) of 1.4% perannum. The expansion of renewable energy sources can be classified as followed: 1.7% for the rate of hydropower expansion, 2.3% for that of geothermal energy, 1.5% for that of biomass, 7.6% for those of biofuels, municipal wastes and biogas, and 19.1% for those of wind, solar, and tidal energy. From the above data, it points out that the expansion of renewable energy consumption can cope with that of world energy consumption. However, when it was considered into details, it was found that only 0.8% is annual rate of renewable energy expansion for electicity generation, while the annual rate electicity generation expansion is 2.1%.
Electicity generation by renewable energy grew on average 1.9% per annum worldwide, which was slower than total electicity generation, at 2.5%. For the last decade, the growth rate of renewable energy was slower due to the slow growth of hydropower in OECD countries,which produce approximately half of the global renewable electicity (50%). the growth rate of renewable electicity generation of OECD countries was only 0.8%, while the growth rate in non-OECD is 3.1%.
For the use of biomass, OECD countries employed biomass 22.5% of total biomass used. The rest, 77.5%, was employed by the non- OECD countries such as south Asia , Africa near Sahara where biomass is used for food preparation and heating. the Africa countries produce biomass 23.9% of world biomass supply and consume 5.1% of TPES. During the last decade, the OECD countries increase the use of biomass for power generation from 59.5 TWh to 79.6 TWh, with the annual growth rate of 2.7%.
4.1.51
Potential of atternative energy in thailand
Energy reserves or potential from natural resources
-In general, energy potential from neteral resources will be slightly changed each year. The change will become prominent when comparing the current data with those from past several years. Moreover, the known potential is uncertail values since several times the report figure obtained by random or incomplete exploration. therefore, the figures reported in document are the estimated values, not the actual values.
1 Liquid biofuels
The biomasses those can be used to produce biofuels are plam oil, coconut oil, molasses, and cassava. It was found that the potential of those that can be used for producing biodiesel are 16 Ktoe of plam oil, and 4 Ktoe of coconut oil. those that can be used for producing ethyl alcohol are 120 Ktoe of molasses, and 469 Ktoe of cassava. In 2003, the ethyl alcohol producing for using as fuel was 4.9 Ktoe
2 Biogas
Biogas can obtained by digesting manure, municipal waste, industrial wastewater. By estimation, the quantity of biogas produced from manure, municipal waste, and industrial wastewater were 322 Ktoe, 1 Ktoe, and 247 Ktoe, respectively. The biogas consumed as energy sources was estimated to be 22 Ktoe
3 Solid biomass
By gathering and estimating the quantities of solid biomass for direct combustion or gasification such as agricultural wastes, wood, charcoal, and municipal wastes, the estimated primary energy for each type of biomass were 30,613 Ktoe of agricultural wastes, 0.8 Ktoe of wood and charcoal, and 0.01 Ktoe of municipal wastes. The biomass consumed as energy sources was estimated to be 7,307 Ktoe.
4 Coal
From recent survey, the estimated coal reserve in Thailand is 337,177 Ktoe. there are 14 mines that are operating. coal consumtion was 6,989 Ktoe
5 Geothermal energy
The geothermal energy potential is estimated to be 527 Ktoe. In 2003, the energy produced from these sources were 0.1 Ktoe
6 Hydrogen energy
Hydrogen is byproduct from petroleum and petrochemical industries. From the servey, it was found that there are a few industries burned the excess hydrogen from the production line as heat sources. However, the quantity is negligible.
7 Hydro energy
hydro energy potential was calculated from the operating dams. The current potential is 2,068 Ktoe. The energy produced from these sources were 635 Ktoe
8 Methane from mine
Although the details related to the coal mines are available, the methane generated from the mines was not estimated, since the estimation is related to type of coals, the size of the mines. the latter information is not reported.
9 Natural gas
At current status, there are 43 reservoirs fuond. Their reserves were estimated
to be 363,907 Ktoe. In 2003, the natural gas consumption was 7,390 Ktoe.
10 Nuclear energy
By collecting information from related organization, it was found that there was a few explorations conducted and found the trace of radioactive materials. However, the detail exploration and reserve estimation were not available.
11 Oil shale
From recent survey, the estimated oil shale reserve in thailand is 2,233 Ktoe. There are 11 mines that operating. Currently, there is no oil shale consumption.
12 Solar energy
The solar potential estimated based on 1.0 persent of total area in country. The potential is equivalent to 554,071 Ktoe. In 2003, the energy produced from these sources were 0.1 Ktoe for heating and 0.5 Ktoe for electricity.
13 Tar sand
from recent survey, the quantity of tar sand reserve in thailand was not estimated. Currently, there is no tar sand consumption.
14 Tidal energy
The tidal energy potential as estimated to be 0.001 Ktoe, in 2003, there is no tidal energy consumption.
15 Wave energy
The wave energy potential as to be 0.5 Ktoe, in 2003, there is no wave energy consumption.
16 Wind energy
The wind potential as estimated to be 12 Ktoe , in 2003, the installed capacity of wind turbinet is 196 kW.
-In general, energy potential from neteral resources will be slightly changed each year. The change will become prominent when comparing the current data with those from past several years. Moreover, the known potential is uncertail values since several times the report figure obtained by random or incomplete exploration. therefore, the figures reported in document are the estimated values, not the actual values.
1 Liquid biofuels
The biomasses those can be used to produce biofuels are plam oil, coconut oil, molasses, and cassava. It was found that the potential of those that can be used for producing biodiesel are 16 Ktoe of plam oil, and 4 Ktoe of coconut oil. those that can be used for producing ethyl alcohol are 120 Ktoe of molasses, and 469 Ktoe of cassava. In 2003, the ethyl alcohol producing for using as fuel was 4.9 Ktoe
2 Biogas
Biogas can obtained by digesting manure, municipal waste, industrial wastewater. By estimation, the quantity of biogas produced from manure, municipal waste, and industrial wastewater were 322 Ktoe, 1 Ktoe, and 247 Ktoe, respectively. The biogas consumed as energy sources was estimated to be 22 Ktoe
3 Solid biomass
By gathering and estimating the quantities of solid biomass for direct combustion or gasification such as agricultural wastes, wood, charcoal, and municipal wastes, the estimated primary energy for each type of biomass were 30,613 Ktoe of agricultural wastes, 0.8 Ktoe of wood and charcoal, and 0.01 Ktoe of municipal wastes. The biomass consumed as energy sources was estimated to be 7,307 Ktoe.
4 Coal
From recent survey, the estimated coal reserve in Thailand is 337,177 Ktoe. there are 14 mines that are operating. coal consumtion was 6,989 Ktoe
5 Geothermal energy
The geothermal energy potential is estimated to be 527 Ktoe. In 2003, the energy produced from these sources were 0.1 Ktoe
6 Hydrogen energy
Hydrogen is byproduct from petroleum and petrochemical industries. From the servey, it was found that there are a few industries burned the excess hydrogen from the production line as heat sources. However, the quantity is negligible.
7 Hydro energy
hydro energy potential was calculated from the operating dams. The current potential is 2,068 Ktoe. The energy produced from these sources were 635 Ktoe
8 Methane from mine
Although the details related to the coal mines are available, the methane generated from the mines was not estimated, since the estimation is related to type of coals, the size of the mines. the latter information is not reported.
9 Natural gas
At current status, there are 43 reservoirs fuond. Their reserves were estimated
to be 363,907 Ktoe. In 2003, the natural gas consumption was 7,390 Ktoe.
10 Nuclear energy
By collecting information from related organization, it was found that there was a few explorations conducted and found the trace of radioactive materials. However, the detail exploration and reserve estimation were not available.
11 Oil shale
From recent survey, the estimated oil shale reserve in thailand is 2,233 Ktoe. There are 11 mines that operating. Currently, there is no oil shale consumption.
12 Solar energy
The solar potential estimated based on 1.0 persent of total area in country. The potential is equivalent to 554,071 Ktoe. In 2003, the energy produced from these sources were 0.1 Ktoe for heating and 0.5 Ktoe for electricity.
13 Tar sand
from recent survey, the quantity of tar sand reserve in thailand was not estimated. Currently, there is no tar sand consumption.
14 Tidal energy
The tidal energy potential as estimated to be 0.001 Ktoe, in 2003, there is no tidal energy consumption.
15 Wave energy
The wave energy potential as to be 0.5 Ktoe, in 2003, there is no wave energy consumption.
16 Wind energy
The wind potential as estimated to be 12 Ktoe , in 2003, the installed capacity of wind turbinet is 196 kW.
3.1.51
Alternative energy in thailand(2003)
DEPARTMENT OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND EFFICIENCY AND HISTORY
Department of aternative Energy development and efficiency ( DEDE ),originally established as National Energy Authority ( NEA ) under Office of the Prime Minister by the Nation Energy Authority Act, as issued in the Royal gazette, volume 70, 6 january 1953 under guidance of Nation Energy committee concerning energy policy and development, and later, rename as Nation Energy administration ( NEA ) in 1971, has been retructured since 1992, to function in development and promotion of energy production, tranmission and distribution, research and development of alternative energy, and, regulation and promotion of energy conservation and energy efficiency.
7 january 1953
Established as Nation Energy Authority ( NEA ) under office of the prime Minister, having a tamporary office as Chulalongkorn University, the feculty of Engineering, and latter moved to Sala Luk Khun in Royal Grand Palace Compound.
13 July 1959
Moved to Pibultham Villa, at the present address of 17 Rama 1 Rd. , Kasatsuk Bridge, patuwan, bankkok 10330
23 May 1963
Transferred to Ministy of National Development by the Government Administrative Act 1963
1 October 1971
Transferred back to office of the Prime Minister and renamed as National Energy Administration ( NEA )
24 march 1979
Transferred to Ministy of Science, Technology and Energy.
13 February 1992
Restructured and renamed as Department of Energy Development and Promotion ( DEDP ) under the Energy Development and Promotion Act 1992, issured in the Royal Gazatte Volume 109, part 9, dated 12 February 1992.
4 April 1992
The Ministry was renamed as Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment ( MOSTE )
3 October 2003
Restructured and renamed as Department of Alternative Energy Development and efficiency
( DEDE ) under Ministry of Energy by the government Adminitrative Act 2002, issured in the Royal Gazette Volume 119, part 99 (A), dated 2 October 2002.
Alternative Energy ( Source : Thailand Alternative energy Situation 2003 )
Alternative Energy means energy which are used for petroleum substitution; is divided into 2 categories which are alternat energyive energy from depleted resources and orther from renewableresources
Alternative Energy consists of coal, hydrogen energy, natural gas, oil shale, nuclear energy,
methane from mine, tarsand, liquid biofuels, biogas, solid biomass energy, hydro energy, solar energy, tidal energy, wave energy and wind energy.
In 2003 , thailand consumed alternative energy as primary energy 41,658 Ktoe, 63% as thermal energy and 37% for electical .when classified by energy types, the consumption was 31% coal, 33% gas, and 36% renewable energy
Among the renewable energy, 33% was biomass and 3% was hydropower.
( NOTE : Renewable energy means alternative energy from non depleted resources which can be renewable such as liquid biofuels, biogas, solid biomass energy, geothermal energy,
hydro energy, solar energy, tidal energy, wave energy ans wind energy.)
In 2003 alternative energies that were improted were coal, natural gas, wood, charcoal, paddy husk, ethanol, plam oil, coconut oil, and hydrogen. Their energy contents were equivalent to 9,859 Ktoe. This amount was considered to be increased by 11.5% compared with that last year. The quantity of electric buys were 623 Ktoe. this amount was considered to be increased by 15.7%.
In 2003 alternative energy was exported equivalent to 219 Ktoe. This amount was considered to be decreased by 11.4% compared with the exported amount last year. Thequantity of electricity exported were 17.1 Ktoe, This amount was considered to be decreased by 1.5%
Final Energy Consumption in Thailand 2003
Classified by economic sectors
Agricultural sector
In 2003, the alternative energy consumption in agricultural sector was 0.4 Ktoe. Of this amount, it was shared by biomass 99.98% and wind energy 0.02%
Industrial sector
In 2003, the alternative energy consumption in industrial sector was 8,902 Ktoe. Of this amount,
it was shared by solid biomass 16.0%, biogas 0.2%, coal 63.9% and natural gas 19.9%.
Resident and commercial sector
In 2003, the alternative energy consumption in resident and commercial sector was 5,793 Ktoe.
Of this amount, it was shared by solid biomass 99.98%, solar energy 0.01% and biogas 0.01%.
Transportation sector
In 2003, the alternative energy consumption in transportation sector was 4.9 Ktoe. Of this amount, it was shared by liquid biofuels 1.8%and natural gas 98.2%.
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